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10. Peaceful settlement of disputes  

African cases (Ethiopia/Liberia v South Africa) (1966) ); (b) that local remedies have not been exhausted (eg Interhandel case ( Switzerland v USA ) (1959) ); (c) that the case is, or

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11. Use of force  

gravity, which is essential for an attack to be classified as an armed attack. This gravity test seems to have been slightly watered down in the Oil Platforms case.

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3. The law of treaties  

Oil Platforms case : Case Concerning Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v United States of America) , Merits, Judgment, ICJ Rep (2003), p 803 In this case, the Court had

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9. State responsibility  

Necessity (Art 25) : necessity denotes those exceptional cases where the only way a State can safeguard an essential interest threatened by a grave and imminent peril, for example

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5. Personality, statehood, and recognition  

Key cases The facts of the most significant key cases have already been explained in various sections of this chapter. CASE FACTS PRINCIPLES

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8. The law of the sea  

three-stage approach ritually. Key cases CASE FACTS PRINCIPLES North Sea Continental Shelf Case (Germany v Denmark/The Netherlands) , ICJ Rep

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1. The nature of international law and the international legal system  

landmark dictum of the ICJ in the Barcelona Traction case in 1970 (see ‘Key cases’), in which the Court drew ‘an essential distinction’ between obligations owed to particular States

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4. The relationship between international and domestic law  

private rights. See also the International Tin Council cases (see ‘Key cases’). Medellín v Texas , 552 US 491 (2008) The case concerned the application of the Vienna Convention

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13. International criminal law  

those persons to whom essential tasks have been assigned and who can at any time frustrate the offence. What this means is that co-perpetratorship requires an essential—as opposed to merely