Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Bundesrepublik Deutschland; The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and others (‘Factortame III’) (Joined cases C-46/93 and C-48/93), EU:C:1996:79, [1996] ECR I-1029, 5 March 1996. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.
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Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Bundesrepublik Deutschland; The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and others (‘Factortame III’) (Joined cases C-46/93 and C-48/93), EU:C:1996:79, [1996] ECR I-1029, 5 March 1996
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Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Bundesrepublik Deutschland; The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and others (‘Factortame III’) (Joined cases C-46/93 and C-48/93), EU:C:1996:79, [1996] ECR I-1029, 5 March 1996
Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v Bundesrepublik Deutschland; The Queen v Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte Factortame Ltd and others (‘Factortame III’) (Joined cases C-46/93 and C-48/93), EU:C:1996:79, [1996] ECR I-1029, 5 March 1996. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.
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6. Procedure: penalties and leniency arrangements
This chapter explores the financial penalties imposed for breaches of competition law in the EU and the UK. Broadly speaking, enforcers have three kinds of ‘weapons’ in their arsenal to use against those who attack competition: remedies, imprisonment, and fines. The first of these weapons may be the most powerful, and includes conduct, structural, and third-party remedies. Incarceration — the second weapon — is a well-publicized feature of the US system, and has been an option in the UK in relation to hard-core cartel conduct since the entry into force of the Enterprise Act 2002 (EA). The argument in favour of the efficacy of fines, the third weapon, is a persuasive one: companies take part in anti-competitive conduct in order to boost profits; remove those profits and the incentive for illegal conduct vanishes.
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15. Members’ remedies
This chapter explores principal statutory remedies that aim to protect a company’s members: the derivative claim, the unfair prejudice petition, and the petition to wind up the company. Where a company has sustained a loss, a member may be able to bring a derivative claim on behalf of the company. In order to continue a derivative claim, the member must obtain permission from the court to continue the claim. A member can also petition the court for a remedy where the company’s affairs have been conducted in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to that member’s interests as a member. In unfair prejudice cases, the most common remedy is a share purchase order. Finally, a member can petition the court for a winding-up order, with the relevant ground here being winding up where the court thinks it is just and equitable to do so.
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17. Damages
Jack Beatson, Andrew Burrows, and John Cartwright
This Chapter discusses damages and other remedies for breach of contract. It covers the compensatory nature of damages, basis of assessment of damages, causation, remoteness, mitigation, assessment of damages in contracts for the sale of goods, claimants’ contributory negligence, the tax element in damages, interest, and agreed damages clauses (contrasting penalty clauses).
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29. Confidentiality and trade secrets
This chapter discusses law on confidentiality and trade secrets. It covers the historical development of the law of breach of confidence; the three essential elements necessary in a claim for breach of confidence; remedies for breach of confidence; and the impact of the internationalization of the law of intellectual property.
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21. Remedies for Breach of Contract
M P Furmston
This chapter discusses remedies for breach of contract. It covers damages (remoteness of damage and measure of damages; mitigation; contributory negligence; liquidated damages and penalties; and deposits, part payments, and forfeitures), specific performance (specific performance a discretionary remedy; the principle of mutuality; and the remedy of injunction), and extinction of remedies (the statutory time limits; effect of defendant’s fraud; extension of time in case of disability; effect of acknowledgement or part payment; and effect of lapse of time on equitable claims).
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21. IP enforcement and remedies
This chapter discusses intellectual property enforcement and remedies available to an IP right holder in the event of an infringement of a right. It considers the UK rules on liability for groundless threats of infringement, including recent UK legislative developments in this field. It goes on to consider a range of interim remedies (including interim injunctions) and final remedies (including injunctions, intermediary injunctions, publicity orders, damages, and accounts of profits), all in the context of the EU IP Enforcement Directive and recent Court of Justice and UK case law developments. It also reviews criminal IP enforcement and enforcement considerations arising at an international level under TRIPS.
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17. Boundaries of Judicial Review
Sir William Wade and Christopher Forsyth
This chapter discusses the scope of judicial review. Judicial review is a procedure for obtaining the remedies specified in the Senior Courts Act 1981, namely the quashing order, the prohibiting order, and the mandatory order and declaration and injunction. The scope of judicial review, therefore, is the same as the scope of these remedies. Their boundaries, as set out already, are fairly clear, but in the non-statutory area they are uncertain.
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9. The Application of EU Law: Remedies in National Courts
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the application of EU law by national courts and the way in which the CJEU controls national remedies for breach of EU law. Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union contains a new clause added by the Lisbon Treaty, which specifies that ‘Member States shall provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law.’ Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides that ‘[e]veryone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article’. However, beyond these broad new provisions, EU law does not lay down any general scheme of substantive or procedural law governing remedies for its enforcement. The European Court of Justice has responded to the lack of a harmonized system of EU remedies by requiring national courts, in certain cases, to make available a particular type of remedy (e.g. restitution or interim relief), regardless of whether this would be available under national law. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning remedies and EU law in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
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18. Undue influence
This chapter examines ‘undue influence’. In a typical case, C claims that a transaction should be set aside because C reposed trust and confidence in D, and the influence that D had upon C was exerted in a way which was ‘undue’. The effect is to render a contract voidable such that it can be rescinded. The basis of undue influence is controversial: it has been argued both that undue influence is based upon D’s exploitation of the relationship, and that the focus is solely upon C’s impaired consent. There are two ways of proving undue influence, which explains actual undue influence and presumed undue influence. Actual undue influence is distinct, though there are overlapping areas, from duress since there is no need to prove a threat or illegitimate pressure. Presumed undue influence requires C to prove that C placed trust in D and that the transaction calls for explanation.
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28. Agreed remedies
This chapter focusses on remedies agreed by the parties for breach of contract. Parties may wish to include a term in the contract which dictates what should happen in the event of breach of contract. If the term states that a certain amount of money should be paid upon breach, that term might be valid as a liquidated damages clause or unenforceable as a penalty. If the amount chosen is a genuine pre-estimate of loss, or is ‘commercially justified’, then it is likely to be valid. If the defaulting party had already paid money to the innocent party as a deposit, the innocent party may be able to forfeit that deposit. A term stipulating that specific performance or an injunction will be granted upon breach will not bind the court. However, the court may take into account such a term when deciding whether to exercise its equitable discretion.
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14. Rectification
Rectification is an equitable remedy through which the court can rectify, or correct, a mistake in a written contract. This chapter examines two principal forms of rectification: common mistake rectification and unilateral mistake rectification. Rectification for common mistake arises where both parties make the same mistake. This is the better-established form of rectification. However, in some circumstances rectification for unilateral mistake will be granted in situations where only one party is mistaken but the other party has acted unconscionably or dishonestly. A party seeking rectification will need convincing proof that a mistake has been made before the court will contemplate altering the language chosen in a formal, written document.
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17. Boundaries of Judicial Review
Sir William Wade, Christopher Forsyth, and Julian Ghosh
This chapter discusses the scope of judicial review. Judicial review is a procedure for obtaining the remedies specified in the Senior Courts Act 1981, namely the quashing order, the prohibiting order and the mandatory order, and declaration and injunction. The scope of judicial review, therefore, is the same as the scope of these remedies. Their boundaries, as set out already, are fairly clear, but in the non-statutory area they are uncertain.
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11. Wrongful interference with goods
This chapter examines the protection provided by tort law against wrongful interference with goods, which generally protect possession rather than title to goods (or ownership) as such. It explains that the action for trespass to goods affords a remedy where there has been an intentional or careless direct interference with goods in the claimant’s possession at the time of the trespass. This chapter also considers conversion, which is concerned with intentional dealings with goods that constitute a denial of the claimant’s rights. It discusses the remedies available for torts to goods contained in the Torts (Interference with Goods) Act 1977.
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13. Breach of Trust and Remedies
Celebrated for their conceptual clarity, titles in the Clarendon Law Series offer concise, accessible overviews of major fields of law and legal thought. This chapter examines when trustees can be sued for failure to perform their duties and the remedies that may be available against them. The basic remedy available against trustees is an order requiring them to perform their obligations under the trust, or to refrain from breaching those obligations. But it is impossible to make an order requiring a trustee to perform the trust obligations (or to transfer it to a new trustee, or to give over the function to a judge) if the trust property is no longer in the trustee's hands. Where this is the case, the law requires the trustee first to repair the loss to the trust fund and then to perform his duties regarding it. The trustee's liability to make up the trust fund in this way is an aspect of his duty to ‘account’. The trustee's liability to account thus allows the trust objects to demand that he make up a shortfall in the trust assets, where that shortfall stems from a breach on his part.
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9. The Application of EU Law: Remedies in National Courts
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the application of EU law by national courts and the way in which the CJEU controls national remedies for breach of EU law. Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union contains a new clause added by the Lisbon Treaty, which specifies that ‘Member States shall provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law.’ Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides that ‘[e]veryone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article’. However, beyond these broad new provisions, EU law does not lay down any general scheme of substantive or procedural law governing remedies for its enforcement. The European Court of Justice has responded to the lack of a harmonized system of EU remedies by requiring national courts, in certain cases, to make available a particular type of remedy (e.g. restitution or interim relief), regardless of whether this would be available under national law. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning remedies and EU law in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
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9. The Application of EU Law: Remedies in National Courts
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the application of EU law by national courts and the way in which the CJEU controls national remedies for breach of EU law. Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union contains a new clause added by the Lisbon Treaty, which specifies that ‘Member States shall provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law’. Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides that ‘[e]veryone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article’. However, beyond these broad new provisions, EU law does not lay down any general scheme of substantive or procedural law governing remedies for its enforcement. The European Court of Justice has responded to the lack of a harmonized system of EU remedies by requiring national courts, in certain cases, to make available a particular type of remedy (e.g., restitution or interim relief), regardless of whether this would be available under national law. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning remedies and EU law in relation to the UK post-Brexit.
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6. Supplementing Civil Wrongs
Celebrated for their conceptual clarity, titles in the Clarendon Law Series offer concise, accessible overviews of major fields of law and legal thought. This chapter illustrates escalating concerns about the risk of unacceptable disjunctions between Equity and the Common Law. The first section considers the relatively simple matter of Equity supplementing existing Common Law remedies. The next sections consider the more controversial question of Equity and the Common Law embarking on separate paths to deal with the same underlying wrong of negligence. The final sections deal with the intractable problem of how Equity protects Equitable property from abuse by the trustee and interference by other third parties. Each section explores the differences between the Equitable rules and their Common Law counterparts. It is crucial that these differences be soundly justified if they are to remain part of the common law.
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9. The Application of EU Law: Remedies in National Courts
All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the application of EU law by national courts and the way in which the CJEU controls national remedies for breach of EU law. Article 19 of the Treaty on European Union contains a new clause added by the Lisbon Treaty, which specifies that ‘Member States shall provide remedies sufficient to ensure effective legal protection in the fields covered by Union law’. Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights provides that ‘[e]veryone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article’. However, beyond these broad new provisions, EU law does not lay down any general scheme of substantive or procedural law governing remedies for its enforcement. The European Court of Justice has responded to the lack of a harmonized system of EU remedies by requiring national courts, in certain cases, to make available a particular type of remedy (e.g., restitution or interim relief), regardless of whether this would be available under national law. The UK version contains a further section analysing issues concerning remedies and EU law in relation to the UK post-Brexit.