This chapter focuses on the key concepts of bills of lading and contracts of carriage. It highlights the importance of contracts of carriage since goods sold to an international sale contract need to arrange transportation to particular destinations. Goods are often carried under a waybill contract under which the carrier undertakes to deliver the goods to a named consignee at the port of destination. The chapter considers the bill of lading as a document of title, as evidence of the contract of carriage, and as a receipt before listing alternatives to bills of lading. It also looks into tort claims against third parties and claims against the carrier.
