Without assuming prior legal knowledge, books in the Directions series introduce and guide readers through key points of law and legal debate. Questions, diagrams and exercises help readers to engage fully with each subject and check their understanding as they progress. Trustees have personal liability in an action for compensation or account. If the action proves worthless in practice because the trustees are impecunious or have been declared bankrupt, and hence cannot repay trust monies to the fund, the beneficiaries may be able to trace the value of their trust property into bank accounts and into assets that have been bought with the trust property. It is the value of the trust property, not the precise item of the property itself, which is sought or traced in most cases. Tracing is a process that gives rise to the ultimate remedy of recovering misapplied money or property. This chapter examines tracing and the limits to common law tracing, the distinction between proprietary remedies and personal remedies, and how the rules for tracing in equity may be applied to unmixed funds, mixed funds and assets purchased with such funds. It also discusses the artificiality of the distinction between common law and equitable tracing rules, defences to the common law restitutionary claim and advantages of proprietary rights.
Chapter
18. Tracing
Chapter
18. Personal Claims and Remedies
This chapter examines the personal liability of a trustee or fiduciary in cases of a breach of trust or fiduciary duty. It analyses the personal remedies that may be available where the defendant has breached the trust or breached fiduciary duties and discusses the advantages and disadvantages in claiming personal or proprietary remedies. The chapter focuses on the nature and function of personal remedies to reconstitute the trust following breach of trust, by means of falsification of the account. It also considers the remedies of surcharging the account, account of profits and equitable compensation. The role of the equitable allowance is also considered.
Chapter
9. Remedies of the unpaid seller
Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. This chapter considers the remedies that are available to a seller against the buyer for breach of contract and the position when the buyer refuses delivery of the goods. These are real remedies and personal remedies, which are set out in Parts V and VI of the Sale of Goods Act 1979. An example of a real remedy is a lien over the goods, whereas two examples of a personal remedy are an action for the price and damages for non-acceptance of the goods.
