The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the origins, institutions, and development of the European Union and its legislative processes. Key debates noted are the questions raised by the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty, and concerns raised by Member States about the EU assuming too many competences. Sample exam questions cover topics such as the concept of European integration and the motivations behind it, reform of the EU, the powers of the Court of Justice of the European Union and its impact, and analysis of the 2007 Lisbon Treaty and the abandoned Constitutional Treaty which it effectively replaced.
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2. The Origins, Institutions, and Development of the Union and the Legislative Processes
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Fearn v Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery [2023] UKSC 4
Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Fearn v Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery [2023] UKSC 4. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
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12. International Environmental Law
The concern and awareness about the need for environmental protection has increased dramatically, both nationally and internationally, in the last few decades. One way of putting this concern into action is the law, being a means to structure and regulate behaviour. International environmental law includes many treaties and declarations, a body of State practice and some compliance mechanisms, as well as a development towards the introduction of flexible instruments to achieve compliance. This chapter discusses the context of international environmental law; environmental theories; international obligations; selected environmental treaties; and the relationship of the environment with other international law issues.
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14. International Environmental Law
The concern and awareness about the need for environmental protection has increased dramatically, both nationally and internationally, in the last few decades. International environmental law offers a means to structure and regulate behaviour in this area. It now includes many treaties and declarations, a body of State practice and some compliance mechanisms, as well as a development towards the introduction of flexible instruments to achieve compliance. This chapter discusses the context of international environmental law; environmental theories, including some of the differences between approaches in the Global South and the Global North; international obligations; selected environmental treaties; and the relationship of the environment with other international law issues, such as human rights, Indigenous Peoples, armed conflict and trade, as well as dealing with some climate change issues.
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30. Poverty
Stephen P Marks
This chapter, which addresses the challenge posed by poverty to human rights protection, first explains the meaning of ‘poverty’ and explores its relationship to human rights, development, and social justice. It also considers the context of globalization, and then illustrates the ways in which human rights concerns diverge from those of development and poverty reduction. The chapter examines how economists think about poverty and human rights, and analyses the thinking of governors of central banks and ministers of finance. Next, it addresses the convergence between human rights and anti-poverty agendas, beginning with some economic thinking that is congruent with human rights, and then turns to policies aiming to combat poverty using human rights tools.
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12. Town and country planning
Stuart Bell, Donald McGillivray, Ole W. Pedersen, Emma Lees, and Elen Stokes
This chapter considers the role played by the complex planning regime in the context of environmental protection. The focus is on key characteristics and definitions of the ‘planning system’, including on what constitutes a ‘development’, when planning permission is required, what is a ‘material consideration’, as well as the plan-making process. The central role played by the courts in developing the legal controls of the planning system is also explored alongside important tools such as planning conditions.
