This chapter highlights employability and career learning. The term ‘employability’ refers to the skills, attributes, and knowledge individuals need for successful careers. Many higher education institutions now include employability as an integral part of undergraduate courses. It may feel a little daunting to focus on employability while grappling with the demands of criminology studies, but both challenges can be tackled simultaneously. Developing an understanding of what employers are looking for will lead to more effective and targeted employability development, and taking the time to explore career options will result in better decision-making. The chapter introduces various tools and techniques to use to support employability development and career planning.
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This chapter discusses the term ‘personality’, which is used to describe an individual’s temperamental and emotional attributes that are relatively consistent and that will influence behaviour. It also considers the extent to which the leading psychological explanations of personality development can be related to criminal behaviour. Psychologists use different classifications—some might include considerations of biological factors or aspects of mental disorder such as psychopathy within the category of personality—and refer to a persistent or stable personality characteristic as a trait. For many years, they have devised tests aimed at measuring personality traits in an attempt to test the hypothesis that people who are prone to act in an antisocial way are distinguishable from ‘normal’ people.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This Chapter introduces the notion of the ‘duty of care’ in negligence, and tracks its emergence and development through a series of important cases, including analysis of the Supreme Court’s most recent analysis of the duty of care. It explores the issues relating to liability, principle and policy, incremental development and the Caparo test, and incrementalism and established principle. The chapter concludes with consideration of the special case of omissions and positive duties to act.
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This chapter discusses the processes of continued learning and development throughout one’s legal career. It focuses on how experiential learning happens; how to use personal experiences to become more proficient; and self-development activities.
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This chapter looks at the relationship between the World Trade Organization (WTO) and international trade in terms of international environmental law. Twenty-five years after the WTO system came into operation it appears that neither trade law nor environmental law have trumped each other. Rather, there has been a process of accommodation which is still ongoing. The chapter ends by making some conclusions on the arguments presented in this book and the issues currently being faced. The current policy of encouraging free trade cannot always be made environmentally friendly and this will always be the case. The problem becomes clear if we consider climate change. Free trade and globalisation by nature exacerbates the difficulties of regulating environmental issues. In addition, one of the key problems with sustainable development as a concept is that there has been too much emphasis on development, and not nearly enough on sustainability, then a policy of promoting free trade is part of that problem.
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The Concentrate Questions and Answers series offer the best preparation for tackling exam questions. Each book includes typical questions, bullet-pointed answer plans and suggested answers, author commentary and illustrative diagrams and flowcharts. This chapter presents sample exam questions along with examiner’s tips, answer plans, and suggested answers about the origins, institutions, and development of the European Union and its legislative processes. Key debates noted are the questions raised by the changes brought about by the Lisbon Treaty, and concerns raised by Member States about the EU assuming too many competences. Sample exam questions cover topics such as the concept of European integration and the motivations behind it, reform of the EU, the powers of the Court of Justice of the European Union and its impact, and analysis of the 2007 Lisbon Treaty and the abandoned Constitutional Treaty which it effectively replaced.
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This chapter focuses on sustainable development, part of Agenda 2030 of the United Nations. The UN Sustainable Development Goals overlap with human rights and the associated targets and indicators embody many core human rights obligations already incumbent on States. This agenda is now the focal point of technical assistance and development programmes around the world and, crucially, applies to all States, irrespective of their state of development.
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This chapter focuses on sustainable development, part of Agenda 2030 of the United Nations, and human rights. This agenda is now the focal point of technical assistance and development programmes around the world and, crucially, applies to all States, irrespective of their state of development. The UN Sustainable Development Goals overlap with, and complement, human rights. Indeed, the associated targets and indicators reflect many core human rights obligations already incumbent on States. Whilst the Sustainable Development Goals lack the force of law underpinning human rights treaties, there is little doubt that strengthening human rights in a State will support progress towards sustainable development.
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Essential Cases: Tort Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Fearn v Board of Trustees of the Tate Gallery [2023] UKSC 4. The document also included supporting commentary from author Craig Purshouse.
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The first of three chapters on judicial review in the UK, explains the nature and importance of judicial review in the UK’s constitutional system. It looks at the historical development of judicial review; its constitutional foundations; the scale and use of judicial review; the procedure by which claims for judicial review must be made, including the need for claimants to show that they have sufficient standing to bring claims; and the remedies that may be granted when claims are successful. The chapter notes that while it may be a valuable and effective remedy judicial review has important limitations, including that it cannot be used the challenge decisions simply because the claimant does not like or agree with the decision made.
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Stephen P Marks
This chapter, which addresses the challenge posed by poverty to human rights protection, first explains the meaning of ‘poverty’ and explores its relationship to human rights, development, and social justice. It also considers the context of globalization, and then illustrates the ways in which human rights concerns diverge from those of development and poverty reduction. The chapter examines how economists think about poverty and human rights, and analyses the thinking of governors of central banks and ministers of finance. Next, it addresses the convergence between human rights and anti-poverty agendas, beginning with some economic thinking that is congruent with human rights, and then turns to policies aiming to combat poverty using human rights tools.
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Stephen P Marks
This chapter, which addresses the challenge posed by poverty to human rights protection, first explains the meaning of ‘poverty’ and explores its relationship to human rights, development, and social justice. It also considers the context of globalization, and then illustrates the ways in which human rights concerns diverge from those of development and poverty reduction. The chapter examines how economists think about poverty and human rights, and analyses the thinking of governors of central banks and ministers of finance. Next, it addresses the convergence between human rights and anti-poverty agendas, beginning with some economic thinking that is congruent with human rights, and then turns to policies aiming to combat poverty using human rights tools.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the statutory strict liability for damage arising from defective products as set out in the Consumer Protection Act 1987 and the EEC Directive on Product Liability. It begins by considering the apportionment of risks associated with products and the development risks defence before turning to similarities between statutory liability and common law liabilities based on negligence and on strict liability. It then looks at the reasons why it is misleading to consider ‘product liability’ in isolation and the concept of defectiveness.
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Emily Finch and Stefan Fafinski
Employability Skills for Law Students is designed to help you: identify the academic, practical and transferable skills that can be developed whilst studying for a law degree; recognise the value of those skills to employers (within both law and non-law professions); identify any gaps in your skills portfolio; maximise opportunities to develop new skills through participation in a range of activities; effectively demonstrate your skills to potential employers; and improve your employability prospects on graduation from university. It is the only book specifically designed to support law students in developing the employability skills required to pursue their chosen career on graduation. A strong emphasis is placed upon ‘learning by doing’, with each chapter including practical activities designed to give students the opportunity to practise skills and encourage thought and reflection on personal development. Whether you are in your first year or your last, this book will ensure you make the most of your time at university, developing skills inside and outside the lecture theatre so that you are in the best possible position to pursue your chosen career on graduation—as a solicitor, barrister, or a completely different profession. An interactive Online Resource Centre provides a range of practical activities designed to give you opportunities to practise and receive feedback upon the skills you are developing.
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This chapter first considers one of the key questions that all law students must answer: to practise or not to practise? It then gives an overview of the two traditional branches of the legal profession—solicitors and barristers—before explaining the stages in qualification, the employability skills that are essential in each, and some insight into the likely competition and costs involved. The chapter introduces some of the alternative possible career pathways that can be pursued with a law degree on the strength of transferable employability skills; explains the idea of personal development planning, which gives students a framework within which to build an action plan of activities to enhance their employability skills portfolio; and provides an initial timetable of actions that will support students in achieving each step in the journey towards employment.
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Town and country planning legislation aims to control the development of land and buildings. Section 57(1) of the Town and Country Planning Act 1990 stipulates that ‘planning permission is required for the carrying out of any development of land’. This chapter first discusses the two main elements of town and country planning: (1) obtaining planning permission for new developments; and (2) the change of use of existing properties. It then explains breaches of planning control and enforcement; building regulations; and typical planning enquiries. A town and country planning decision tree is also presented.
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The concern and awareness about the need for environmental protection has increased dramatically, both nationally and internationally, in the last few decades. One way of putting this concern into action is the law, being a means to structure and regulate behaviour. International environmental law includes many treaties and declarations, a body of State practice and some compliance mechanisms, as well as a development towards the introduction of flexible instruments to achieve compliance. This chapter discusses the context of international environmental law; environmental theories; international obligations; selected environmental treaties; and the relationship of the environment with other international law issues.
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All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. This chapter examines the statutory strict liability for damage arising from defective products as set out in the Consumer Protection Act 1987 and the EEC Directive on Product Liability. It begins by considering the apportionment of risks associated with products and the development risks defence before turning to similarities between statutory liability and common law liabilities based on negligence and on strict liability. It then looks at the reasons why it is misleading to consider ‘product liability’ in isolation and the concept of defectiveness.
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This chapter concerns two key concepts of environmental law: environmental principles and environmental policy. Both concepts are well known to those who study and practise UK and EU law, but that familiarity can be deceiving when it comes to understanding their role in environmental law, because both principles and policy perform important, distinctive, and evolving functions. Environmental principles are highly symbolic ideas of environmental policy that have been developing prominent roles in environmental law globally, including in EU environmental law. Environmental policy is often implicated in environmental law regimes because of the need to respond quickly to changing circumstances and provide detailed and technical guidance in complex policy areas. Determining the legal implications of extensive reliance on policy in environmental law is thus important. Exploring both these distinctive legal features of environmental law—principle and policy—helps to elucidate different aspects of environmental law as a subject, interrogating the jurisprudential nature of environmental law and revealing key characteristics of its developing doctrine.
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This chapter focuses on the skills needed to study law. It begins by describing how a law degree is structured and what sorts of activities students are likely to take part in as part of that degree. It then discusses lectures, seminars, and tutorials; note-taking; working with others; time management; learning from feedback; and personal development planning.
