Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v SD [2008] EWCA Crim 527, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
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R v SD [2008] EWCA Crim 527, Court of Appeal
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R v SD [2008] EWCA Crim 527, Court of Appeal
Essential Cases: Criminal Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in R v SD [2008] EWCA Crim 527, Court of Appeal. The document also included supporting commentary from author Jonathan Herring.
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11. Financial Crime
This chapter examines one major example of financial crime: fraud. The importance of financial crime, and of vigorous prosecution policies in relation to it, should not be underestimated. Fraud accounts for no less than one-third of all crimes captured by the Crime Survey for England and Wales. There were 4.3 million fraud offences recorded in the year ending in June 2020. An understanding of fraud, and in particular the way that it reflects corporate activity, is essential to the study of criminal law. The law is now mainly governed by the Fraud Act 2006. The 2006 Act sought to eliminate (a) the law’s reliance on sometimes technical distinctions between different kinds of outcome produced by fraud, and (b) the law’s reliance on ‘deception’ as an element of the wrong. A key is question is whether, in doing this, the 2006 Act made the law too broad in scope.
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33. Misrepresentation
L. Bently, B. Sherman, D. Gangjee, and P. Johnson
This chapter considers one element of the action of passing off with respect to trade marks: the requirement that there be a misrepresentation. It first describes the type of conduct that amounts to misrepresentation and the consequences that flow from that conduct, as well as the types of suggestion that are actionable. It then discusses the requirement that a statement must be likely to cause confusion in order to qualify as a misrepresentation. In addition, the chapter explains how passing off action can be brought not only against a person who carries out the misrepresentation, but also against anyone who provides the means for the misrepresentation to occur (such as by providing instruments of deception).
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21. Making off without payment
This chapter considers the offences under the Fraud Act 2006 and the important body of case law that now exists interpreting the 2006 Act. It discusses the common elements of the offence of fraud; namely, dishonesty (including the impact of Ivey and Barton and Booth), with intent to gain or cause loss or to expose to a risk of loss, and remoteness of intention. The fraud offences are each examined in turn: fraud by false representation, fraud by failing to disclose information, fraud by abuse of position, possession of articles for fraud, and making or supplying articles for use in frauds. The chapter provides extensive discussion of the desirability of having a general fraud offence and examines the difficulties encountered in relying so much upon the concept of dishonesty.
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22. Fraud
This chapter considers the offences under the Fraud Act 2006 and the important body of case law that now exists interpreting the 2006 Act. It discusses the common elements of the offence of fraud; namely, dishonesty (including the impact of Ivey and Barton and Booth), with intent to gain or cause loss or to expose to a risk of loss, and remoteness of intention. The fraud offences are each examined in turn: fraud by false representation, fraud by failing to disclose information, fraud by abuse of position, possession of articles for fraud, and making or supplying articles for use in frauds. The chapter provides extensive discussion of the desirability of having a general fraud offence and examines the difficulties encountered in relying so much upon the concept of dishonesty.
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17. Sexual offences
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 represented the most comprehensive and radical overhaul of the law relating to sexual offences ever undertaken in England and Wales. This chapter deals with non-consensual sexual offences: namely, rape, assault by penetration, sexual assault, and causing someone to engage in sexual activity without consent. It also examines sexual offences against children below 13 years of age, sexual offences against children aged 13 to 16, causing a child to watch a sexual act, arranging or facilitating the commission of a child sex offence, meeting a child following sexual grooming, etc. Finally, the chapter explores offences of abuse of trust, family offences, offences involving mental disorder and other sexual offences such as those surrounding sex work, pornography, and taking indecent photographs of children.
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39. Revocation
L. Bently, B. Sherman, D. Gangjee, and P. Johnson
This chapter examines revocation as a reason for removing a mark from the register and the grounds for revocation as set out in section 46 of the Trade Marks Act 1994. It begins by discussing the first ground on which a mark may be revoked: ‘non-use’ (the trade mark has not been used for five years following the date of completion of the registration). It considers the relevant period of non-use and proper reasons for non-use, along with the issue of rewriting the specification with respect to goods and services. The chapter then looks at the second ground for the revocation of trade marks: if the mark has become the ‘common name in the trade’ (that is, generic marks). The final reason for revocation is if the mark has been used in a way that misleads the public (that is, deception is involved).
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17. Sexual offences
David Ormerod and Karl Laird
The Sexual Offences Act 2003 (SOA 2003) represents the most comprehensive and radical overhaul of the law relating to sexual offences ever undertaken in England and Wales. This chapter deals with non-consensual sexual offences; namely, rape, assault by penetration, sexual assault and intentionally causing someone to engage in sexual activity. It also examines sexual offences against children below 13 years of age, sexual offences against children aged 13 to 16, causing a child to watch a sexual act, arranging or facilitating the commission of a child sex offence, meeting a child following sexual grooming, etc. Finally, the chapter explores offences of abuse of trust, family offences, offences involving mental disorder and other sexual offences such as those surrounding prostitution, pornography and taking indecent photographs of children.
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13. Economic Torts
Celebrated for their conceptual clarity, titles in the Clarendon Law Series offer concise, accessible overviews of major fields of law and legal thought. This chapter deals with economic torts. Economic torts include deceit, malicious falsehood, passing-off, inducing breach of contract, intimidation, and conspiracy. The first three involve deception: deceit is telling lies to the claimant; telling lies to a third party is malicious falsehood; misleading a competitor's customers, even bona fide, is passing-off. The other three torts all involve collaboration, whether reluctant, as a result of threats, complaisant as a result of positive incentives, or spontaneous. The chapter discusses the nature of the harm; the defendant's conduct and purpose, anti-competitive conduct; and the various ‘economic torts’ in terms of their various components: intention, conduct, and wrongfulness.
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22. The Fraud Act 2006
David Ormerod and Karl Laird
This chapter considers the offences under the Fraud Act 2006 and the important body of case law that now exists interpreting the 2006 Act. It discusses the common elements of the offence of fraud; namely, dishonesty (including the impact of Ivey), with intent to gain or cause loss or to expose to a risk of loss, and remoteness of intention. The fraud offences are each examined in turn: fraud by false representation, fraud by failing to disclose information, fraud by abuse of position, possession of articles for fraud and making or supplying articles for use in frauds. The chapter provides extensive discussion of the desirability of having a general fraud offence and examines the difficulties encountered in relying so much upon the concept of dishonesty.
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10. Fraud
This chapter deals with fraud, an offence under section 1 of the Fraud Act 2006 (FA 2006). It first discusses the central fraud offence, which can be committed by false representation, failure to disclose information, and/or abuse of position. The chapter then moves to consider related offences of obtaining services dishonestly and possession of articles for use in frauds, along with other fraud and deception offences. Finally, the chapter outlines potential options for legal reform concerning the drafting of FA 2006, fraud and the irrelevance of results, and distinguishing theft and fraud; as well as the potential application of fraud offences within a problem question. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout, with brief summaries of the main facts and judgments.
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10. Fraud
David Ormerod and John Child
This chapter deals with fraud, an offence under section 1 of the Fraud Act 2006 (FA 2006). It first discusses the central fraud offence, which can be committed by false representation, failure to disclose information, and/or abuse of position. The chapter then moves to consider related offences of obtaining services dishonestly and possession of articles for use in frauds, along with other fraud and deception offences. Finally, the chapter outlines potential options for legal reform concerning the drafting of FA 2006, fraud and the irrelevance of results, and distinguishing theft and fraud; as well as the potential application of fraud offences within a problem question. Relevant cases are highlighted throughout, with brief summaries of the main facts and judgments.
