control models, because it is used in the most serious cases such as murder and rape. A high rate of guilty verdicts is thus essential to the strategy of effective crime control. The deterrent
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Chapter
9. Trial by judge and jury
Chapter
5. Courts and the trial process
Steven Cammiss
carefully because the cases which appear in the two courts differ markedly. In 2010–11, the acquittal rate (including cases where judges and magistrates rule there is no case to answer) was
Chapter
15. Forensic science and criminal justice
Paul Roberts
experts’ evidence and pursue additional lines of scientific inquiry in appropriate cases. It is essential, in an adversarial system of criminal justice, that the jury gets to hear both
Chapter
7. Prosecutions and constructing guilt
of policy, double or treble the number of cases prosecuted, but to do so would be at the cost of other regulatory activities deemed essential.’ 205 Lack of resources also means that
Chapter
11. When things go wrong in the criminal justice process
to grasp quickly the essential issues in those applications it receives. The Legal Aid Agency (LAA) now funds lawyers to conduct an ‘initial screening’ of a case, not normally exceeding
Chapter
12. Victims, the accused and the future of criminal justice
the minority of cases that get that far) requires the presentation of a case. All cases are constructions, and become the property of the side that built it. Cases often become far
Chapter
8. Summary justice in the magistrates’ court
the duty solicitor once per case. These cases are frequently dealt with at that one hearing. Non-imprisonable cases are not covered, and for most cases that are adjourned, the defendant
Chapter
4. Detention in the police station
questioning of suspects 5 and 6) set a threshold whereby essential work should be carried out in at least 70% of all cases. A total of 44% of firms in their research failed this test
Chapter
4. Utility and deterrence
may already be an essential element of the modus operandi of some crimes, as in the case of the modern suicide bomber. The Royal Commission found an American case where a man drove
Chapter
1. The aims and values of ‘criminal justice’
were served by nearly all of the defendants in these cases. The causes of the miscarriages of justice varied from case to case, but common features were the suppression by the police
Chapter
5. Police questioning of suspects
interviews in serious cases and concluded ‘in all cases discrepancies [were identified] between the official transcripts and the audio recordings. In some of the cases the inaccuracies were
Chapter
6. Non-interrogatory evidence and covert policing
Ed Cape
simply hidden, and if that is the case, most are unregulated. 6.4.2.2 The use of informers Informants are, and always have been, an essential source of police knowledge … every
Chapter
4. Utility and deterrence
may already be an essential element of the modus operandi of some crimes, as in the case of the modern suicide bomber. The Royal Commission did find an American case where a man drove
Chapter
8. Justice in the modern prison
rights cases may now be brought in the domestic courts, this does not mean that all will succeed, as many cases taken to Strasbourg in the past by prisoners failed. While cases on access
Chapter
7. Impact on victims and offenders
these were exceptional cases, and in other cases, for example, that of Angela Babington, 51 no reduction was given. The judicial comment in an appeal case in 2015 included the argument
Chapter
10. Inequalities and criminal justice
judicial benches, meaning that cases involving women tend to be viewed from dominant male perspectives, which can skew decisions. This is particularly the case in relation to sexual offences
Chapter
2. Structuring sentencing
1 July 2003. Some of the Convention issues were considered in the case of Ocalan v Turkey in 2003. In this case, the leader of the Kurdish Workers Party (PKK) was given a death sentence
Chapter
8. Justice in the modern prison
European Court of Human Rights. In some cases, settlements have also been reached in anticipation of the Court’s decisions. However, in other cases, notably voting rights, successive UK
Chapter
13. Racism and ethnicity in the criminal justice process
Alpa Parmar
processes involved in case progression. They found that discontinuance rates for cases involving defendants from minority ethnic groups were higher than for cases involving White defendants
Chapter
3. Arrest
Alpa Parmar
where there are victims). If the victim’s evidence is essential to any consequent prosecution (which is by no means always the case) then there may seem to be little point making an arrest