p. 64816. Vertical agreements
- Richard WhishRichard WhishEmeritus Professor of Law at King’s College London
- and David BaileyDavid BaileyProfessor of Practice in Competition Law at King’s College London
Abstract
This chapter examines the application of Article 101 TFEU and the Chapter I prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998 to distribution agreements. The chapter begins with a discussion of distribution chains in the modern economy, looking at the various ways in which producers market their goods or services to consumers; these have been enormously enhanced by the emergence of the digital economy. This is followed by sections on how the law applies to producers carrying on their own distribution function (‘vertical integration’), commercial agency and vertical sub-contracting relationships. It discusses the competition policy considerations raised by distribution agreements, and explains the application of Article 101 to various different types of distribution agreements. This is followed by a section on the provisions of Regulation 330/2010, the block exemption for distribution agreements, and the individual application of Article 101(3) to distribution agreements. The chapter then contains sections on Regulation 461/2010 on motor vehicle distribution. Finally, it deals with the application of the Chapter I prohibition in the UK Competition Act 1998 to distribution agreements.
Keywords
- Vertical agreements
- Distribution agreements
- Guidelines on Vertical Restraints
- Vertical integration
- Agency
- Single market
- Inter-brand competition
- Intra-brand competition
- Foreclosure
- Anti-competitive foreclosure
- Softening of competition
- Free rider problem
- De minimis doctrine
- Market shares
- Market power
- Export bans
- E-commerce
- Single branding
- Exclusive distribution
- Active sales
- Passive sales
- Exclusive customer allocation
- Selective distribution
- Online sales
- Online marketplaces
- Franchising
- Exclusive supply
- Resale price maintenance
- Maximum resale prices
- Recommended prices
- Parity provisions
- Regulation 330/2010
- Regulation 461/2010
- Chapter I prohibition
- Retained exemption
- Pricing restrictions
- Non-price restrictions
- Enterprise Act